Even bearing in mind what happened on the other side of the Alps, it could have resorted as a last desperate measure to constitutional patriotism, thus appealing to the eternal rallying cry of the “defence of the besieged citadel” from the enemies – the reds and the blacks – defined in the course of the Risorgimento.Baravelli, Andrea: Post-war Societies (Italy) , in: 1914-1918-online. See Gibelli, Antonio: Nefaste meraviglie.
): Annali vol. The demand that complete respect be accorded to the clauses of the Pact of London and the concomitant claim on the city of Fiume had scant hopes of being heard, yet nonetheless the expected scaling down of Italian claims led the radical Right to foster a devastating sense of victimhood in national public opinion.
What Problems did Italian Governments face after WW1 The atrocity of World War 1 ended on 11th November 1918, and although Italy emerged victorious on the side of the 'Triple Entente', she faced terrible repercussions of a social, economic and political nature during the aftermath of the war.
On the different aspects of the Italian political crisis in the post-war period see Grassi Orsini, Fabio/ Quagliariello, Gaetano (eds. Finally, see Scornajenghi, Antonio: L’alleanza difficile. On the transformation of the peasant world, especially that of the Po Valley, see Crainz, Guido: Padania. At that juncture Giolitti’s show of neutrality “appeared to Italian public opinion, and to the more important newspapers that helped to formulate it, as an abdication of responsibility by the government and consequently by the liberal State for its own fundamental tasks, such as safeguarding private property and respect for the prevailing legislative order”.
II, Il Poligono, Rome 1980, pp.
The Italian government spent more on the war than it had in the previous 50 years.
II, pp. 411-490; Barbagallo, Francesco/Saverio, Francesco: Nitti, Turin 1984, pp. 1919-1922.
436-460 (vol. Guerra, modernità, violenza politica 1914-1918, Rome 2003.On the defining characteristics of national radicalism see Gentile, Emilio: La grande Italia.
On the electoral law of 1919 and its political implications, see Noiret, Serge: La nascita del sistema dei partiti nell’Italia contemporanea. Il mondo dei braccianti dalla fine dell’Ottocento alla fuga dalle campagne, Rome 1994. The treat… L’Italia dalla grande guerra alla marcia su Roma, Bologna, 1991 [first edn., 1967], vol. Included in the 440 articles of the Treaty of Versailles were the demands that Germany officially accept responsibility for starting the war and pay economic reparations. According to Nicola Tranfaglia in May 1915 a veritable “coup d’Etat” was consummated, thereby establishing the preconditions for that of 1922. Many Catholics also failed to support Italy’s participation in the war, although others took an active part in the conflict.
In the turmoil of the post-war period the reintegration of soldiers was not, however, the main problem to be resolved. La delegittimazione dell’avversario nell’Europa contemporanea, Bologna 2010, pp. 493-529.The system of proportional representation combined with a party-list system, entailing considerably larger electoral colleges than had been the case in the past, favoured parties that were better organised, had a centralised leadership and were widely distributed across the whole national territory. Liberali e popolari tra massimalismo socialista e reazione fascista. In this regard see for example the complex relations between Nitti, in his role as Minister of Finance, and the Perrones, owners of Ansaldo, in Monticone, Alberto: Nitti e la grande guerra, Milan 1961, pp.
1919-1921, Rome 2006.
350-352. Movimento e milizia, Rome-Bari 1989.On the importance of the fracture of 1915, and of wartime divisions, for the failed recomposition of the liberal world in 1919, see Baravelli, Andrea: Il nemico nelle campagne elettorali del primo dopoguerra, in: Cammarano, Fulvio / Cavazza, Stefano (eds. Post-war Italy was the only country that proved unable to use victory as a rhetorical device to consolidate its political system.
Italy’s experience in World War One was disastrous and ended with the insult of her ‘reward’ at the Versailles Settlement in 1919. Italy since 1945 The first decades after World War II Birth of the Italian republic When World War II ended in Europe in May 1945, all the anti-Fascist parties formed a predominantly northern government led by the Resistance hero and Party of Action leader Ferruccio Parri. Le monde et l’après-1918, Paris 2008.On the limited weight attached to the legitimising theme of the memory of the war, and therefore of the rhetorical and political formula of the Union sacrée, see Baravelli, Andrea: La vittoria smarrita. 1) and pp. La delegittimazione dell’avversario nell’Europa contemporanea, Bologna 2010. ): Storia del movimento cattolico in Italia, vol.
On the factory occupations see the reflections of Vivarelli: Vivarelli, Storia delle origini del fascism 1991, vol. For a lucid analysis of this contradiction see a newspaper editorial by Einaudi, Luigi: La febbre del vivere e la necessità delle rinuncie, in «Corriere della Sera», 11 April 1919, p. 1. Legittimità e rappresentazioni della Grande Guerra nella crisi del sistema liberale (1919-1924), Rome 2006.By contrast with what happened in France and in Great Britain, In Italy the worker’s movement greeted the reforms attempted by the government of Nitti with indifference, if not with outright hostility.