Prime Minister Naoto Kan described it as the country’s worst crisis since World War II.With an onslaught of cold winter weather following the disaster, the first shipment of a $1.1 million donation of Gap brand winter clothing was distributed to tens of thousands of recipients in Miyagi, Fukushima and Iwate.
The design policy of coastal defence structures sets the height of seawalls to ensure their performance to a potential tsunami level of up to approximately the 150 year recurrence interval (Level 1 or ‘Prevention Level’). The most important lesson is that one should not wait for official information to act: strong ground shaking is the first alert to take action.After the 2011 Tohoku tsunami attack, the international post-tsunami survey team was established and conducted a nation-wide survey [Tsunami inland penetration with strong inundation flow causes damage to infrastructures, forests, buildings and humans. The economic losses reached about 10% of the national budget of the time [In the early morning on 3 March 1933, another major tsunami struck the Sanriku Coast. ( At least 50 min elapsed after the earthquake before the tsunami attacked the school. An unexpectedly large tsunami 14 m high attacked the Fukushima Dai-ichi facilities and caused the loss of the emergency diesel generators that had been working in the situation of no off-site power available [The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster left many lessons to be learned regarding Japan's disaster management policies. A field surveyMapping of building damage of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami in Miyagi prefectureDeveloping fragility functions for tsunami damage estimation using numerical model and post-tsunami data from Banda Aceh, IndonesiaTsunami fragility, a new measure to assess tsunami damageLessons from the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami disaster2003 Near field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami on Unimak and Senak islandsTime and space distribution of Coseismic slip of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake as inferred from Tsunami waveform dataPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
( The discussion mainly focuses on structural measures such as seawalls and breakwaters and non-structural measures of hazard map and evacuation.
conducted critical revision of the article for important intellectual content.This research was funded by CREST funding program of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, and IRIDeS project grant.We are grateful to Professor Costas Synolakis for valuable comments.Published by the Royal Society. Throughout the case study in Sendai city, the proposed reconstruction plan was evaluated from the tsunami engineering point of view to discuss how the post 2011 paradigm was implemented in coastal communities for future disaster mitigation. A major tsunami followed the quake, which affected Japan and a little of the Hawaiian Islands.
It is through such opportunities to know their risk that people learn that they must try to escape an at-risk area as soon as possible, when they feel strong ground motion or hear the tsunami warning or evacuation order issued. One reason for the striking difference in the number of fatalities was the level of preparedness.After the 1990s, many local governments published tsunami hazard maps, prepared from numerical simulations. N.S. On March 11, 2011 a 9.0 earthquake struck Japan.